import logging
import io
import json
import xxhash
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import polars as pl
import pyarrow as pa
import matplotlib
from scipy import sparse
from dataclasses import dataclass
from datetime import datetime
import hashlib
import tempfile
import sklearn
import scipy
import joblib
from pathlib import Path

matplotlib.use("Agg")
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.patheffects as PathEffects
import matplotlib.cm as cm
import matplotlib.colors as mcolors
import seaborn as sns
from PIL import Image
from sklearn.decomposition import PCA as _PCA
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
from coded_flows.types import (
    Union,
    DataFrame,
    ArrowTable,
    MediaData,
    PILImage,
    Tuple,
    Any,
)
from coded_flows.utils import CodedFlowsLogger

logger = CodedFlowsLogger(name="Dim. Reduction PCA", level=logging.INFO)
DataType = Union[
    pd.DataFrame, pl.DataFrame, np.ndarray, sparse.spmatrix, pd.Series, pl.Series
]


@dataclass
class _DatasetFingerprint:
    """Lightweight fingerprint of a dataset."""

    hash: str
    shape: tuple
    computed_at: str
    data_type: str
    method: str


class _UniversalDatasetHasher:
    """
    High-performance dataset hasher optimizing for zero-copy operations
    and native backend execution (C/Rust).
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        data_size: int,
        method: str = "auto",
        sample_size: int = 100000,
        verbose: bool = False,
    ):
        self.method = method
        self.sample_size = sample_size
        self.data_size = data_size
        self.verbose = verbose

    def hash_data(self, data: DataType) -> _DatasetFingerprint:
        """
        Main entry point: hash any supported data format.
        Auto-detects format and applies optimal strategy.
        """
        if isinstance(data, pd.DataFrame):
            return self._hash_pandas(data)
        elif isinstance(data, pl.DataFrame):
            return self._hash_polars(data)
        elif isinstance(data, pd.Series):
            return self._hash_pandas_series(data)
        elif isinstance(data, pl.Series):
            return self._hash_polars_series(data)
        elif isinstance(data, np.ndarray):
            return self._hash_numpy(data)
        elif sparse.issparse(data):
            return self._hash_sparse(data)
        else:
            raise TypeError(f"Unsupported data type: {type(data)}")

    def _hash_pandas(self, df: pd.DataFrame) -> _DatasetFingerprint:
        """
        Optimized Pandas hashing using pd.util.hash_pandas_object.
        Avoids object-to-string conversion overhead.
        """
        method = self._determine_method(self.data_size, self.method)
        self.verbose and logger.info(
            f"Hashing Pandas: {self.data_size:,} rows - {method}"
        )
        target_df = df
        if method == "sampled":
            target_df = self._get_pandas_sample(df)
        hasher = xxhash.xxh128()
        self._hash_schema(
            hasher,
            {
                "columns": df.columns.tolist(),
                "dtypes": {k: str(v) for (k, v) in df.dtypes.items()},
                "shape": df.shape,
            },
        )
        try:
            row_hashes = pd.util.hash_pandas_object(target_df, index=False)
            hasher.update(memoryview(row_hashes.values))
        except Exception as e:
            self.verbose and logger.warning(
                f"Fast hash failed, falling back to slow hash: {e}"
            )
            self._hash_pandas_fallback(hasher, target_df)
        return _DatasetFingerprint(
            hash=hasher.hexdigest(),
            shape=df.shape,
            computed_at=datetime.now().isoformat(),
            data_type="pandas",
            method=method,
        )

    def _get_pandas_sample(self, df: pd.DataFrame) -> pd.DataFrame:
        """Deterministic slicing for sampling (Zero randomness)."""
        if self.data_size <= self.sample_size:
            return df
        chunk = self.sample_size // 3
        head = df.iloc[:chunk]
        mid_idx = self.data_size // 2
        mid = df.iloc[mid_idx : mid_idx + chunk]
        tail = df.iloc[-chunk:]
        return pd.concat([head, mid, tail])

    def _hash_pandas_fallback(self, hasher, df: pd.DataFrame):
        """Legacy fallback for complex object types."""
        for col in df.columns:
            val = df[col].astype(str).values
            hasher.update(val.astype(np.bytes_).tobytes())

    def _hash_polars(self, df: pl.DataFrame) -> _DatasetFingerprint:
        """Optimized Polars hashing using native Rust execution."""
        method = self._determine_method(self.data_size, self.method)
        self.verbose and logger.info(
            f"Hashing Polars: {self.data_size:,} rows - {method}"
        )
        target_df = df
        if method == "sampled" and self.data_size > self.sample_size:
            indices = self._get_sample_indices(self.data_size, self.sample_size)
            target_df = df.gather(indices)
        hasher = xxhash.xxh128()
        self._hash_schema(
            hasher,
            {
                "columns": df.columns,
                "dtypes": [str(t) for t in df.dtypes],
                "shape": df.shape,
            },
        )
        row_hashes = target_df.hash_rows()
        hasher.update(memoryview(row_hashes.to_numpy()))
        return _DatasetFingerprint(
            hash=hasher.hexdigest(),
            shape=df.shape,
            computed_at=datetime.now().isoformat(),
            data_type="polars",
            method=method,
        )

    def _hash_pandas_series(self, series: pd.Series) -> _DatasetFingerprint:
        """Hash Pandas Series using the fastest vectorized method."""
        self.verbose and logger.info(f"Hashing Pandas Series: {self.data_size:,} rows")
        hasher = xxhash.xxh128()
        self._hash_schema(
            hasher,
            {
                "name": series.name if series.name else "None",
                "dtype": str(series.dtype),
                "shape": series.shape,
            },
        )
        try:
            row_hashes = pd.util.hash_pandas_object(series, index=False)
            hasher.update(memoryview(row_hashes.values))
        except Exception as e:
            self.verbose and logger.warning(f"Series hash failed, falling back: {e}")
            hasher.update(memoryview(series.astype(str).values.tobytes()))
        return _DatasetFingerprint(
            hash=hasher.hexdigest(),
            shape=series.shape,
            computed_at=datetime.now().isoformat(),
            data_type="pandas_series",
            method="full",
        )

    def _hash_polars_series(self, series: pl.Series) -> _DatasetFingerprint:
        """Hash Polars Series using native Polars expressions."""
        self.verbose and logger.info(f"Hashing Polars Series: {self.data_size:,} rows")
        hasher = xxhash.xxh128()
        self._hash_schema(
            hasher,
            {"name": series.name, "dtype": str(series.dtype), "shape": series.shape},
        )
        try:
            row_hashes = series.hash()
            hasher.update(memoryview(row_hashes.to_numpy()))
        except Exception as e:
            self.verbose and logger.warning(
                f"Polars series native hash failed. Falling back."
            )
            hasher.update(str(series.to_list()).encode())
        return _DatasetFingerprint(
            hash=hasher.hexdigest(),
            shape=series.shape,
            computed_at=datetime.now().isoformat(),
            data_type="polars_series",
            method="full",
        )

    def _hash_numpy(self, arr: np.ndarray) -> _DatasetFingerprint:
        """Optimized NumPy hashing using Buffer Protocol (Zero-Copy)."""
        hasher = xxhash.xxh128()
        self._hash_schema(
            hasher,
            {"shape": arr.shape, "dtype": str(arr.dtype), "strides": arr.strides},
        )
        if arr.flags["C_CONTIGUOUS"] or arr.flags["F_CONTIGUOUS"]:
            hasher.update(memoryview(arr))
        else:
            hasher.update(memoryview(np.ascontiguousarray(arr)))
        return _DatasetFingerprint(
            hash=hasher.hexdigest(),
            shape=arr.shape,
            computed_at=datetime.now().isoformat(),
            data_type="numpy",
            method="full",
        )

    def _hash_sparse(self, matrix: sparse.spmatrix) -> _DatasetFingerprint:
        """Optimized sparse hashing."""
        if not (sparse.isspmatrix_csr(matrix) or sparse.isspmatrix_csc(matrix)):
            matrix = matrix.tocsr()
        hasher = xxhash.xxh128()
        self._hash_schema(
            hasher, {"shape": matrix.shape, "format": matrix.format, "nnz": matrix.nnz}
        )
        hasher.update(memoryview(matrix.data))
        hasher.update(memoryview(matrix.indices))
        hasher.update(memoryview(matrix.indptr))
        return _DatasetFingerprint(
            hash=hasher.hexdigest(),
            shape=matrix.shape,
            computed_at=datetime.now().isoformat(),
            data_type=f"sparse_{matrix.format}",
            method="sparse",
        )

    def _determine_method(self, rows: int, requested: str) -> str:
        if requested != "auto":
            return requested
        if rows < 5000000:
            return "full"
        return "sampled"

    def _hash_schema(self, hasher, schema):
        hasher.update(
            json.dumps(schema, sort_keys=True, separators=(",", ":")).encode()
        )

    def _get_sample_indices(self, total_rows: int, sample_size: int) -> list:
        chunk = sample_size // 3
        indices = list(range(min(chunk, total_rows)))
        mid_start = max(0, total_rows // 2 - chunk // 2)
        mid_end = min(mid_start + chunk, total_rows)
        indices.extend(range(mid_start, mid_end))
        last_start = max(0, total_rows - chunk)
        indices.extend(range(last_start, total_rows))
        return sorted(list(set(indices)))


def _plot_scatter(
    ax, components, hue_data, hue_col, palette, explained_var, pc_x, pc_y
):
    """Plot PCA scatter plot."""
    pc_x_idx = pc_x - 1
    pc_y_idx = pc_y - 1
    if hue_data is not None:
        scatter_df = pd.DataFrame(
            {
                f"PC{pc_x}": components[:, pc_x_idx],
                f"PC{pc_y}": components[:, pc_y_idx],
                hue_col: hue_data,
            }
        )
        sns.scatterplot(
            data=scatter_df,
            x=f"PC{pc_x}",
            y=f"PC{pc_y}",
            hue=hue_col,
            palette=palette,
            ax=ax,
            alpha=0.7,
            s=50,
        )
        ax.legend(bbox_to_anchor=(1.05, 1), loc="upper left")
    else:
        ax.scatter(components[:, pc_x_idx], components[:, pc_y_idx], alpha=0.7, s=50)
    ax.set_xlabel(f"PC{pc_x} ({explained_var[pc_x_idx]:.1%} variance)")
    ax.set_ylabel(f"PC{pc_y} ({explained_var[pc_y_idx]:.1%} variance)")
    ax.set_title(f"PCA Scatter Plot: PC{pc_x} vs PC{pc_y}")
    ax.grid(True, alpha=0.3)


def _plot_biplot(
    ax,
    components,
    loadings,
    feature_names,
    explained_var,
    hue_data=None,
    hue_col=None,
    palette=None,
    pc_x=1,
    pc_y=2,
):
    """Plot PCA biplot with loadings."""
    pc_x_idx = pc_x - 1
    pc_y_idx = pc_y - 1
    if hue_data is not None:
        scatter_df = pd.DataFrame(
            {
                f"PC{pc_x}": components[:, pc_x_idx],
                f"PC{pc_y}": components[:, pc_y_idx],
                hue_col: hue_data,
            }
        )
        sns.scatterplot(
            data=scatter_df,
            x=f"PC{pc_x}",
            y=f"PC{pc_y}",
            hue=hue_col,
            palette=palette,
            ax=ax,
            alpha=0.5,
            s=30,
            legend=True,
        )
        ax.legend(bbox_to_anchor=(1.05, 1), loc="upper left")
    else:
        ax.scatter(components[:, pc_x_idx], components[:, pc_y_idx], alpha=0.5, s=30)
    scale = components[:, [pc_x_idx, pc_y_idx]].max() * 0.8
    for i, feature in enumerate(feature_names):
        ax.arrow(
            0,
            0,
            loadings[pc_x_idx, i] * scale,
            loadings[pc_y_idx, i] * scale,
            head_width=0.05,
            head_length=0.05,
            fc="red",
            ec="red",
            alpha=0.6,
        )
        ax.text(
            loadings[pc_x_idx, i] * scale * 1.1,
            loadings[pc_y_idx, i] * scale * 1.1,
            feature,
            fontsize=7,
            ha="center",
            va="center",
        )
    ax.set_xlabel(f"PC{pc_x} ({explained_var[pc_x_idx]:.1%} variance)")
    ax.set_ylabel(f"PC{pc_y} ({explained_var[pc_y_idx]:.1%} variance)")
    ax.set_title(f"PCA Biplot: PC{pc_x} vs PC{pc_y}")
    ax.grid(True, alpha=0.3)


def _plot_correlation_circle(
    ax, loadings, feature_names, explained_var, pc_x=1, pc_y=2, text_size=7
):
    pc_x_idx = pc_x - 1
    pc_y_idx = pc_y - 1
    x_loadings = loadings[pc_x_idx, :]
    y_loadings = loadings[pc_y_idx, :]
    circle_1 = plt.Circle(
        (0, 0), 1, color="#333333", fill=False, linestyle="-", linewidth=1.2, alpha=0.6
    )
    circle_05 = plt.Circle(
        (0, 0), 0.5, color="gray", fill=False, linestyle=":", linewidth=0.8, alpha=0.5
    )
    ax.add_artist(circle_1)
    ax.add_artist(circle_05)
    ax.axhline(0, color="black", linewidth=0.8, alpha=0.5)
    ax.axvline(0, color="black", linewidth=0.8, alpha=0.5)
    ticks = [-1.0, -0.75, -0.5, -0.25, 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0]
    ax.set_xticks(ticks)
    ax.set_yticks(ticks)
    ax.grid(True, linestyle=":", linewidth=0.6, alpha=0.4, color="gray", zorder=0)
    ax.tick_params(axis="both", which="major", labelsize=8, colors="#666666")
    color_code = "#E74C3C"
    for i, (feature, x, y) in enumerate(zip(feature_names, x_loadings, y_loadings)):
        ax.plot([0, x], [0, y], color=color_code, linewidth=0.8, alpha=0.9, zorder=5)
        ax.scatter(x, y, color=color_code, s=4, zorder=6)
        text_x = x * 1.15
        text_y = y * 1.15
        ha = "center"
        if x > 0.1:
            ha = "left"
        elif x < -0.1:
            ha = "right"
        va = "center"
        if y > 0.1:
            va = "bottom"
        elif y < -0.1:
            va = "top"
        ax.text(
            text_x,
            text_y,
            feature,
            color="#333333",
            ha=ha,
            va=va,
            fontsize=text_size,
            fontweight="normal",
            zorder=7,
        )
    ax.set_xlim(-1, 1)
    ax.set_ylim(-1, 1)
    ax.set_aspect("equal")
    ax.spines["top"].set_visible(False)
    ax.spines["right"].set_visible(False)
    ax.spines["left"].set_visible(False)
    ax.spines["bottom"].set_visible(False)
    ax.set_xlabel(
        f"PC{pc_x} ({explained_var[pc_x_idx]:.1%} var)",
        fontsize=12,
        fontweight="bold",
        color="#444444",
    )
    ax.set_ylabel(
        f"PC{pc_y} ({explained_var[pc_y_idx]:.1%} var)",
        fontsize=12,
        fontweight="bold",
        color="#444444",
    )
    ax.set_title(
        f"Correlation Circle (PC{pc_x} vs PC{pc_y})",
        fontsize=14,
        pad=15,
        color="#333333",
        fontweight="bold",
    )


def _plot_variance(ax, explained_var):
    """Plot explained variance."""
    n_components = len(explained_var)
    cumulative_var = np.cumsum(explained_var)
    x = np.arange(1, n_components + 1)
    ax.bar(x, explained_var, alpha=0.6, label="Individual")
    ax.plot(x, cumulative_var, "ro-", linewidth=2, label="Cumulative")
    ax.set_xlabel("Principal Component")
    ax.set_ylabel("Explained Variance Ratio")
    ax.set_title("Explained Variance by Component")
    ax.set_xticks(x)
    ax.legend()
    ax.grid(True, alpha=0.3, axis="y")


def pca_analysis(
    data: Union[DataFrame, ArrowTable], options=None
) -> Tuple[Any, Any, Union[MediaData, PILImage], DataFrame, DataFrame, DataFrame]:
    options = options or {}
    verbose = options.get("verbose", True)
    random_state = options.get("random_state", 42)
    activate_caching = options.get("activate_caching", False)
    output_type = options.get("output_type", "array")
    columns = options.get("columns", None)
    n_components = options.get("n_components", 2)
    scale_data = options.get("scale_data", True)
    id_column = options.get("id_column", "")
    hue = options.get("hue", "")
    pc_x = options.get("pc_x", 1)
    pc_y = options.get("pc_y", 2)
    plot_type = options.get("plot_type", "scatter")
    palette = options.get("palette", "husl")
    dpi = 300
    verbose and logger.info(f"Starting PCA with {n_components} components")
    PCA = None
    PCA_Image = None
    PCA_Components = pd.DataFrame()
    PCA_Summary = pd.DataFrame()
    PCA_Loadings = pd.DataFrame()
    Scaler = None
    plot_components = None
    plot_loadings = None
    plot_explained_var = None
    hue_data = None
    hue_col = None
    df = None
    try:
        if isinstance(data, pl.DataFrame):
            verbose and logger.info(f"Converting polars DataFrame to pandas")
            df = data.to_pandas()
        elif isinstance(data, pa.Table):
            verbose and logger.info(f"Converting Arrow table to pandas")
            df = data.to_pandas()
        elif isinstance(data, pd.DataFrame):
            verbose and logger.info(f"Input is already pandas DataFrame")
            df = data
        else:
            raise ValueError(f"Unsupported data type: {type(data).__name__}")
    except Exception as e:
        raise RuntimeError(
            f"Failed to convert input data to pandas DataFrame: {e}"
        ) from e
    if df.empty:
        raise ValueError("Input DataFrame is empty")
    verbose and logger.info(
        f"Processing DataFrame with {df.shape[0]:,} rows × {df.shape[1]:,} columns"
    )
    if id_column and id_column.strip():
        if id_column not in df.columns:
            raise ValueError(f"ID column '{id_column}' not found in DataFrame")
    if columns and len(columns) > 0:
        missing_cols = [col for col in columns if col not in df.columns]
        if missing_cols:
            raise ValueError(f"Columns not found in DataFrame: {missing_cols}")
        feature_cols = list(columns)
    else:
        feature_cols = df.select_dtypes(include=["number"]).columns.tolist()
        if not feature_cols:
            raise ValueError("No numeric columns found in DataFrame")
    if id_column and id_column.strip() and (id_column in feature_cols):
        feature_cols.remove(id_column)
    if not feature_cols:
        raise ValueError("No feature columns remaining after excluding ID column")
    skip_computation = False
    cache_folder = None
    all_hash = None
    if activate_caching:
        verbose and logger.info(f"Caching is active")
        data_hasher = _UniversalDatasetHasher(df.shape[0], verbose=verbose)
        X_hash = data_hasher.hash_data(df[feature_cols]).hash
        all_hash_base_text = f"HASH BASE TEXT PCAPandas Version {pd.__version__}POLARS Version {pl.__version__}Numpy Version {np.__version__}Scikit Learn Version {sklearn.__version__}Scipy Version {scipy.__version__}{X_hash}{n_components}{scale_data}{random_state}{sorted(feature_cols)}"
        all_hash = hashlib.sha256(all_hash_base_text.encode("utf-8")).hexdigest()
        verbose and logger.info(f"Hash was computed: {all_hash}")
        temp_folder = Path(tempfile.gettempdir())
        cache_folder = temp_folder / "coded-flows-cache"
        cache_folder.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
        pca_components_path = cache_folder / f"pca_components_{all_hash}.parquet"
        pca_summary_path = cache_folder / f"pca_summary_{all_hash}.parquet"
        pca_loadings_path = cache_folder / f"pca_loadings_{all_hash}.parquet"
        scaler_path = cache_folder / f"pca_scaler_{all_hash}.joblib"
        pca_model_path = cache_folder / f"pca_model_{all_hash}.joblib"
        if (
            pca_components_path.is_file()
            and pca_summary_path.is_file()
            and pca_loadings_path.is_file()
            and scaler_path.is_file()
            and pca_model_path.is_file()
        ):
            verbose and logger.info(f"Cache hit! Loading results.")
            try:
                PCA_Components = pd.read_parquet(pca_components_path)
                PCA_Summary = pd.read_parquet(pca_summary_path)
                PCA_Loadings = pd.read_parquet(pca_loadings_path)
                Scaler = joblib.load(scaler_path)
                PCA = joblib.load(pca_model_path)
                plot_explained_var = PCA_Summary["Variance_Explained"].values
                loading_cols = [
                    c for c in PCA_Summary.columns if c.startswith("Loading_")
                ]
                plot_loadings = PCA_Summary[loading_cols].values
                comps_for_plot = PCA_Components.copy()
                if id_column and id_column in comps_for_plot.columns:
                    comps_for_plot = comps_for_plot.drop(columns=[id_column])
                plot_components = comps_for_plot.values
                skip_computation = True
            except Exception as e:
                verbose and logger.warning(f"Cache load failed, recomputing")
                skip_computation = False
                raise
    if not skip_computation:
        X = df[feature_cols]
        if np.any(np.isnan(X)):
            verbose and logger.warning(f"Removing rows with missing values")
            mask = ~np.isnan(X).any(axis=1)
            X = X[mask]
            df_indices = df.index[mask]
        else:
            df_indices = df.index
        if X.shape[0] == 0:
            raise ValueError("No valid rows after removing missing values")
        if scale_data:
            verbose and logger.info(f"Scaling features")
            Scaler = StandardScaler()
            X_transformed = Scaler.fit_transform(X)
        else:
            X_transformed = X
        verbose and logger.info(f"Fitting PCA model")
        PCA = _PCA(n_components=n_components, random_state=random_state)
        plot_components = PCA.fit_transform(X_transformed)
        explained_var = PCA.explained_variance_ratio_
        eigenvalues = PCA.explained_variance_
        cumulative_var = np.cumsum(explained_var)
        plot_explained_var = explained_var
        plot_loadings = PCA.components_
        pc_columns = [f"PC{i + 1}" for i in range(n_components)]
        PCA_Components = pd.DataFrame(
            plot_components, columns=pc_columns, index=df_indices
        )
        if id_column and id_column.strip():
            id_data = df.loc[df_indices, id_column].values
            PCA_Components.insert(0, id_column, id_data)
        summary_data = {
            "Component": pc_columns,
            "Eigenvalue": eigenvalues,
            "Variance_Explained": explained_var,
            "Cumulative_Variance": cumulative_var,
        }
        for idx, feature in enumerate(feature_cols):
            summary_data[f"Loading_{feature}"] = PCA.components_[:, idx]
        PCA_Summary = pd.DataFrame(summary_data)
        PCA_Loadings = pd.DataFrame(PCA.components_.T, columns=pc_columns)
        PCA_Loadings.insert(0, "Feature", feature_cols)
        PCA_Loadings = PCA_Loadings.loc[
            PCA_Loadings["PC1"].abs().sort_values(ascending=False).index
        ]
        PCA_Loadings = PCA_Loadings.reset_index(drop=True)
        if activate_caching and cache_folder and all_hash:
            try:
                pca_components_path = (
                    cache_folder / f"pca_components_{all_hash}.parquet"
                )
                pca_summary_path = cache_folder / f"pca_summary_{all_hash}.parquet"
                pca_loadings_path = cache_folder / f"pca_loadings_{all_hash}.parquet"
                scaler_path = cache_folder / f"pca_scaler_{all_hash}.joblib"
                pca_model_path = cache_folder / f"pca_model_{all_hash}.joblib"
                PCA_Components.to_parquet(pca_components_path)
                PCA_Summary.to_parquet(pca_summary_path)
                PCA_Loadings.to_parquet(pca_loadings_path)
                if Scaler is not None:
                    joblib.dump(Scaler, scaler_path)
                if PCA is not None:
                    joblib.dump(PCA, pca_model_path)
                verbose and logger.info(f"Results saved to cache")
            except Exception as e:
                verbose and logger.warning(f"Failed to save cache: {e}")
    try:
        if hue and hue.strip():
            if hue not in df.columns:
                raise ValueError(f"Hue column '{hue}' not found in DataFrame")
            hue_col = hue
            hue_data = df.loc[PCA_Components.index, hue].values
            verbose and logger.info(f"Using hue column: '{hue}'")
        verbose and logger.info(f"Creating {plot_type} visualization")
        if plot_components is None or plot_explained_var is None:
            raise RuntimeError("PCA plot data is missing (logic error)")
        if plot_type == "all":
            (fig, axes) = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(16, 14))
            ax_list = axes.flatten()
            _plot_scatter(
                ax_list[0],
                plot_components,
                hue_data,
                hue_col,
                palette,
                plot_explained_var,
                pc_x,
                pc_y,
            )
            _plot_variance(ax_list[1], plot_explained_var)
            _plot_biplot(
                ax_list[2],
                plot_components,
                plot_loadings,
                feature_cols,
                plot_explained_var,
                hue_data,
                hue_col,
                palette,
                pc_x,
                pc_y,
            )
            _plot_correlation_circle(
                ax_list[3], plot_loadings, feature_cols, plot_explained_var, pc_x, pc_y
            )
            plt.tight_layout()
        else:
            (fig, ax) = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 8))
            if plot_type == "scatter":
                _plot_scatter(
                    ax,
                    plot_components,
                    hue_data,
                    hue_col,
                    palette,
                    plot_explained_var,
                    pc_x,
                    pc_y,
                )
            elif plot_type == "biplot":
                _plot_biplot(
                    ax,
                    plot_components,
                    plot_loadings,
                    feature_cols,
                    plot_explained_var,
                    hue_data,
                    hue_col,
                    palette,
                    pc_x,
                    pc_y,
                )
            elif plot_type == "variance":
                _plot_variance(ax, plot_explained_var)
            elif plot_type == "correlation_circle":
                _plot_correlation_circle(
                    ax, plot_loadings, feature_cols, plot_explained_var, pc_x, pc_y
                )
            else:
                raise ValueError(f"Invalid plot_type: '{plot_type}'")
        verbose and logger.info(f"Rendering to {output_type} format with DPI={dpi}")
        buf = io.BytesIO()
        fig.savefig(buf, format="png", dpi=dpi, bbox_inches="tight")
        buf.seek(0)
        if output_type == "bytesio":
            PCA_Image = buf
        elif output_type == "bytes":
            PCA_Image = buf.getvalue()
            buf.close()
        elif output_type == "pil":
            PCA_Image = Image.open(buf)
            PCA_Image.load()
            buf.close()
        elif output_type == "array":
            img = Image.open(buf)
            PCA_Image = np.array(img)
            buf.close()
        else:
            raise ValueError(f"Invalid output_type: '{output_type}'")
        plt.close(fig)
    except (ValueError, RuntimeError):
        plt.close("all")
        raise
    except Exception as e:
        error_msg = f"Failed to perform PCA: {e}"
        verbose and logger.error(f"{error_msg}")
        plt.close("all")
        raise RuntimeError(error_msg) from e
    if PCA_Image is None:
        raise RuntimeError("PCA analysis returned empty result")
    verbose and logger.info(f"Successfully completed PCA analysis")
    return (PCA, Scaler, PCA_Image, PCA_Components, PCA_Summary, PCA_Loadings)